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Internet: the material side of the world Digital



A Ten years of the new millennium, the Internet has become an extension of our consciousness, one body system to take over screens and keyboards that provides a level of connectivity as a growing silo information. Our ability to put more content online can create the impression that the Internet is infinite, unlimited extension of the ether that exists at the material not having an unlimited volume of information in the zero space. A black hole. But the truth is that our way a little sloppy in ever-expanding line of physical implications that require large amounts of energy and occupy a space that is very real. True

architect and photographer friend (coincidentally friendship internet) Brandon Specketer planteba I recently an interesting question when it comes to how they use the Internet. "I look at a picture like that has published in The New York Times Magazine and wonder about our current rate of consumption in technology. What are the real environmental impacts of our collections online, forgotten images, and virtual waste? Speck has a point.

For most ordinary consumers, the digital space has become a commodity abundant, low cost. Since most of us have much more than necessary, the storage space can be seen as endless. How many people have maxed out the thousands of mega-bytes of space in a Gmail account? I used about 1.7% of what I offered blogger for this blog and much more de donde vino eso. Entonces, ¿cuál es el problema con utilizar ese espacio para moverse? Speck explica:

"Para usar mi sitio de fotos (a modo de ejemplo), la imagen quedó como una foto en un iPhone y ahora existe como un jpeg en algún lugar de los EE.UU. en los servidores de Flickr, duplicados y optimizados como una serie de archivos de imagen diferentes. Esta imagen es también el de un fichero automatizado de duplicados en mi sitio web Tumblr. Una imagen original subida desde mi iPhone ahora existe como única 7. Jpg en tres unidades de disco duro independiente (sin mencionar las copias de seguridad que existe). Esto no parece mucho, pero el tema se agrava cuando se observa servicios como Tumblr and the explosion of reblogging.

The Internet has a wealth of knowledge. In 2009, digital content is estimated at about 500 billion gigabytes. According to an article, "If the world's rapidly expansion of digital content to be printed and bound into books, would form a pile that would stretch from Earth to Pluto 10 times. "While all the ones and zeros can take up much space, it still ends up in the ranks of storage server racks located in data centers.

Data centers are small facilities that fit in the basement, but if large buildings full of computers. The amount of land consumed for building new data centers is increasing every day. Apple's new facility in North Carolina covering 500,000 square meters, the cost is nearly $ 1 billion dollars. Yahoo's site in Lockport, New York, has about 30 acres to build new data centers it is likely that forest were back then.

The data center market is estimated at about 40 billion U.S. dollars in 2009 with a rapid rate of growth shows few signs of reflux in the short term. As the quality of content and complexity continues to increase with things like video high definition multi-channel, without loss of sound, the amount of available storage space will grow in kind.

These complexes carry a correspondingly large energy requirement. A recent article by Katie Fehrenbacher Earth2Tech measures Unidense state energy consumption of servers worldwide in 123 million kilowatts in 2005 (about the same amount of energy consumption by more than 10 million households). That number is estimated to increase by 75% in late 2010. All this power is used not only to maintain and transfer information, but also for cool the hardware. Google says that the energy needed to cool these spaces can be 30 to 70% of energy consumption and be high. Greening

hardware

Like anything else, is a more efficient way to build the components of the Internet. A recent report from Pike Research estimates that green data centers accounted for 28% of the market in 2015 to 41.4 billion U.S. dollars from the current 7.5 billion U.S. dollars. Google is proud of its 36 data centers worldwide, claim that they are among the most efficient of existence. By combining high-performance servers, cooling towers with recycling water on site, Google has managed to create some of the greenest data centers in the world, but the bar can be set even higher.

Even if the cooling towers can dissipate heat efficiently, it is still a waste of energy that is released into the air by mistake instead of being used. I was impressed and encouraged to find an article in World Changing: BRIGHT GREEN showing a new data center 2 MW comes online in Helsinki, Finland Academy Company. System uses water to absorb excess heat from their server and use it to heat local housing 500 before being recycled for reuse again. A radically more efficient. Beyond

engineering, in order to extend this technology to new data centers, they should be located near areas that can use the heat instead of miles away from civilization where land is cheaper . Commit to these higher levels of efficiency can ultimately raise the costs of location, but make a big difference in energy in the long term. Ironically, these buildings could draw a parallel with the old switching tower still mark the skyline of cities such as New York. Once used as switching stations to call fixed lines, skyscrapers such as the Verizon tower at 375 Pearl Street is looking for new uses such as calling phone has minimized the use of landlines. Almost without windows, the upper floors loaded with what is now an archaic form of technology to connect people. Our new data centers could perform a similar picture capable of producing steam for the city, or be integrated as the heating systems for high-rise residential or commercial.

Still, he has to be opportunities for people who know much more about web programming, I have to do to reach new forms of organization that may be more conscious of curbing this idea of \u200b\u200binfinite space. As first pointed Specketer, these vehicles have infinite space very finite lifespans and electronic waste continues to grow worldwide, and in the end most of it ends up in Asia, which are drawn by families seeking between insufficient amounts of this waste of precious metals. The future of server technology has to include components that can be recycled or, better yet, upcycled ( What is the difference? ).

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FRP Rebar Waste

reinforced concrete is a very common material for construction of facilities and structures. In addition to the limited tensile strength of concrete, steel bar reinforcement has been a profitable and efficient. However, insufficient concrete cover, poor design or workmanship, and the presence of large amounts of aggressive agents and environmental factors can lead to rupture of concrete and corrosion of reinforcing steel. For example, in Colombia for almost 45% of puentes son estructuralmente deficientes o funcionalmente obsoletos, y el porcentaje va en aumento, según algunas entidades durante muchos años, ha habido muchos estudios en cuestión a la corrosión, y el interés en FRP (polímero reforzado con fibra) ha surgido recientemente como posibles sustitutos para el acero. Una cuidadosa consideración sobre el potencial de barras de refuerzo de FRP para llenar las necesidades de costes y el rendimiento pueden sugerir soluciones apropiadas.

Recientemente, los materiales compuestos de fibras incrustadas en una resina polimérica, también conocido como polímeros reforzados con fibra, se han convertido en una alternativa al refuerzo de acero para concrete structures. The reinforced polymer aramid (AFRP), the reinforced polymer carbon fiber (CFRP) and reinforced polymer fiberglass (FRP) bars are the products available in the market for construction industry. These materials have been proposed for use in place of steel reinforcement or prestressing steel tendons in concrete structures. The steel corrosion problems are avoided with the use of FRP as these are non-metallic materials and non-corrosive. also FRP materials have several properties such as high voltage resistance make them suitable for use as structural reinforcement. Moreover, codes and design provisions have been recently prepared for the use of FRP bars in concrete structures for bridges and buildings.

binding characteristics are responsible for transferring the load of concrete to strengthen and develop the necessary tension in the reinforcement for balance, especially when the concrete cracks . fiber reinforced polymers are anisotropic materials . Factors such as the type and amount of fiber and resin, fiber orientation and quality control during manufacturing play an important role in the mechanical properties. In the case of FRP reinforcing bars carbon (CFRP Isorod Pultrall bar, ADS Composites Group), by comparing a steel bar of 11.3 mm in diameter with CFRP reinforcing bars with a similar diameter of about 9.5 mm, the results show that the stress-strain curves to the drawbar of CFRP is linear up to rupture (All FRP bars is linear elastic to failure). The tensile strength is at least 1500 MPa, three times that of the bars acero.El modulus CFRP bar is 128 GPa, approximately 65% \u200b\u200bof steel. The CFRP bar showed almost the same bond strength to concrete as a steel bar of 11.3 mm in diameter. As for the glass FRP bar has tensile strength of a bar GRP 9 mm is 760 MPa, and modulus of elasticity is 40.8 GPa, much lower than that of steel .


FRP bars can be a suitable alternative in the following cases:

• Architectural Concrete: artificial stone cladding architectural, balustrades, facades, column, architectural precast, railings, statues and fountains, etc.
• Concrete exposed to de-icing salts in: crossings, median barriers, elements of garage and salt storage facilities, etc.
• Concrete exposed to sea salts, dams, water breaks, the buildings and structures near the beach, aquaculture operations, and floating docks, etc.
• Concrete used around electrical equipment such as MRI rooms in hospitals, the airport radio and compass calibration pads, transformers, substations, etc.

BENEFITS OF FRP:

• Impervious to chloride ion and chemical attack.
• greater tensile strength than steel.
• 1/4th weight of steel reinforcement
• Transparent to magnetic fields and radio frequencies
• Electrically and thermally nonconductive

B roasted above characteristics, bars FRP appears to be a promising alternative reinforcement for concrete structures such as marine structures, parking structures, bridges, roads in extreme environments, and structures highly susceptible to corrosion and magnetic fields.

MAIN BARRIERS TO THE USE OF FRP BARS:

The cost of FRP reinforcing bars in $ / ft is often superior to conventional steel bars. The carbon FRP is generally more expensive than GFRP. to find a detailed catalog of the cost of FRP reinforcing bars clik here. Note that you can not make a substitution direct FRP steel bars without applying the design principles of the guide. In general, the cost impact of using FRP bars in a bridge deck is just raising the cost of the package for something on the order of 2 to 5% in those days. Therefore, using GFRP bars and win many more years of life is not really an expensive alternative.

• The cost is $ 3 to $ 4/lb (including approx. $ 1/lb the cost of raw materials) for FRP rod of glass, carbon and FRP is usually more expensive. (cf. Epoxy coated rebar costs $ 0.32/lb) (As the cost of epoxy-coated bars $ 0.32/lb)
• Due to the lack of well established rules, a wide variety of FRP bars are marketed today, the move from simple plain bars bars treated to improve the characteristics of the ligaments. therefore requires a better understanding of the mechanical properties and behavior of links to a rational approach to the design of FRP reinforced structures.
• field curves are not allowed, and are not welded, as opposed to the construction operations ordinary steel bars should be applied from the design phase.
• The lack of familiarity of engineers can lead to decreased productivity of the projection.

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